Updated data ensures that, for example, changes in mining and processing technologies, processed ores and concentrates as well as changes in ore deposits are taken into consideration. Such data are used, for example, in compiling Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs), assessing the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) or preparing Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs).
The nickel industry has been collecting and updating its life cycle data since 2000. Life cycle data were collected for the reference years 1999, 2007, 2011 and – in the most recently published study – for the reference year 2017.